With the possible exception of faster processor speeds, there have been few major developments in personal computing over the past few years. Recent advances in computer and communications technology have had little impact on the nature of teaching and learning. The availability of the World Wide Web, handheld computers and wireless communication offer enormous potential, but have thus far allowed us to add speed and convenience to traditional aspects of schooling without transforming the learning experience.

Instructional media has been oversold since the days of Edison as a solution to our educational challenges. However, Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky and Papert tell us that changing the mode of delivery offers little assistance in transforming learning. Powerful learning occurs when we shift the emphasis from the teacher to the learner… less us more them.

The 1970s ushered in the era of low-cost video recorders and portable video cameras. This innovation offered teachers and students with a vehicle for producing their own content. Now student productions could be archived, played in other classrooms and sent home to share with the family. Imaginative schools built television studios, offered courses in TV production and some even made cassettes of student performances available in local video stores.

Digital video production, editing and publishing offer genuine opportunities for kids to learn and express that knowledge in new ways. As with desktop publishing and multimedia authoring, Apple Computer is bringing digital video to the masses with innovation, ease-of-use and affordable technology. Other companies are now working overtime to offer similar capabilities in their products.

Administrators and school leaders need to understand how this technology is different and what the occupants of classrooms can do with it.

DV in a Nutshell
Digital video cameras, now widely available from companies such as Sony and Canon, store images in the same digital form (bits) as computers store data. This allows video to be transferred from camera to computer and computer to camera without any loss. In other words, every copy is of the same quality as the original. Apple patented FireWire, the high-speed low-cost digital transfer technology used by nearly all digital video cameras and a growing assortment of hard drives, CD-burners and other peripherals. FireWire is also known as iLink by Sony and IEEE 1394 by other companies. The Academy of Television Arts and Sciences just awarded Apple a 2001 Primetime Emmy Engineering Award for FireWire’s material impact on the television industry. Essentially, FireWire is a way to move data between digital devices.

The real power of digital video is found in the editing process. Just a couple of years ago this required digitizing analog video before your computer could work on it. This process involved converting the analog information on a VHS tape into the bits used by the computer. This transfer process caused a loss in quality. If you wanted your edited production to be distributed via TV or VHS, then there would additional loss in quality during the second transfer. Special add-on cards or other peripherals usually needed to be purchased to make digiting possible. Apple computers all ship with built-in Firewire and other computers can add FireWire cards at an additional cost if those computers have expansion capabilities.

Once the video is stored on your hard drive you may edit it. Editing brings value to those boxes full of tapes you have and reduces the likelihood that every student production looks like a never-ending bloopers real. Editing may be used to shorten and cleanup video. It may also be used as a way to enhance storytelling through reordering events, or by adding narration, dramatic music, transitions and special effects. Every FireWire Macintosh comes with iMovie 2 for free. iMovie allows computer users to capture video from a camera and edit stunning productions with the ease of a word processor. When your movie is complete, output it back to tape or compress it for distribution via CD, the Web or DVD. (see sidebar for PC alternatives)

Digital video requires a great deal of disk space. A little more than 9 minutes of video requires 2 gigabytes of disk space. Large external FireWire drives are an excellent way for schools to store large video files. These drives also offer teachers portability. They can be moved to where they are needed. FireWire drives may also be chained together to create large banks of data storage. You can never be too rich or have too much hard disk space.

I would suggest that finished productions should be exported to DV tape and archived in that small low-cost way. Preserving video on hard drives makes that video vulnerable to a variety of threats (crashes, erasure, etc…) and is too costly. You can always import video from an archived tape and re-edit it for a different purpose or audience.

When your video masterpiece is complete it is time to share it with an audience. iMovie 2 and other programs allows you to prepare the video for a variety of media (CD, Web, DVD) through compression. Compression is a mathematical process by which the file size is reduced in order to save space and deliver the video quicker via limited bandwidth. You will need to make decisions about tradeoffs between size and quality. Smaller file size means lower quality video, but much of this compression is either difficult to see or acceptable for classroom purposes.

If you wanted to share the school play with out-of-town grandparents last year, schools had two digital options; low-quality video on CD-ROM or stream the video on the web. Streaming media is cool, but often requires high bandwidth, expensive servers with large storage capacity and the employment of a technical staff capable of running those servers. Today, $2500 Macintosh G4 computers include the SuperDrive and iDVD software. The SuperDrive allows the playing of CDs and DVDs, plus the creation of CDs and DVDs. That’s right, you can now make your own DVDs! The free iDVD software is even easier to use than iMovie 2. Drag your video files onto the iDVD screen, choose a visual style for your menu and press burn. A couple of hours later you have a full-quality hour-long DVD that Grandma can pop into her DVD player! (subsequent copies are made much quicker) This technology represents a leap-frog effect on the streaming technology many of us were betting on just a year ago. Imagine a day in the not too distant

Educational Applications
Digital video offers numerous opportunities for student expression through all kinds of storytelling across the curriculum. Personal stories, skits, plays and recreations of historical or scientific events are all possible. Fictional stories may be depicted and mathematical models may be explained. The editing process allows for enhancing the storytelling.

Video offers unprecedented opportunities for students who need to express themselves and their ideas. The obstacles associated with writing and oral presentation make it too difficult for many students to convey their creativity and knowledge. Video and the ability to edit that video lowers the bar on communication. This communication now has a limitless audience available via the web, CD, tape and DVD.

Kids engaged in the production of school news programs, interviews and even commercials gain first-hand knowledge of the ways in which media may be used to manipulate us. Media literacy concepts of bias, point-of-view, propaganda and advertising take on new meaning when kids are behind the camera and the editing process.

You may engage the community in the life of the school through the repurposing and publishing of school events. Tapes of classroom productions may be broadcast on local cable, sent home on CD/DVD or even made available in local video shops for free loans. These efforts keep citizens abreast of the activities in your school and may increase community support for your efforts.

Students may use video cameras and digital editing to document their learning process in a variety of ways. Video is used to tell the story of how they learned, what they did, as well as the finished product. This enhances metacognition, exhibits student knowledge and communicates the learning activities of a school with the community. A good example of a video documenting student learning may be found at http://www.pencilsdown.org/lego.

Educators may also enhance their professional practice through digital video. Lessons may be videotaped and used to share best practices with colleagues. Similar video may also be used as a vehicle for collaborative action research. Educators can view carefully edited video case studies as an invitation to dialogue about teaching practices and learn new classroom strategies. Raw video may be used with innovative tools like those offered by LessonLab (www.lessonlab.com) as a forum for educators to discuss their own practice and that of colleagues. Examples of adults using digital video as a vehicle for reflective practice may be found at http://www.stager.org/imovie/virtcamp.html.